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从技术上讲,如果所有商品和服务的价格都以统一的幅度上涨,如果工资水平也随着物价一起上涨,并且如果名义利率也跟随通货膨胀进行调整,那综合物价的上涨就不太会是个问题。(换句话说,这种情况下通货膨胀并没有削弱消费者的购买力。)
There are, however, costs of inflation that are relevant from an economic perspective and cannot be easily avoided.
不过,从经济学的角度看,通货膨胀还是会带来些很明显的成本,而且这些成本无法轻易避免。
Menu Costs
菜单成本
When prices are constant over long periods of time, firms benefit in that they don't need to worry about changing the prices for their output.
如果物价在很长一段时间内保持稳定,那么企业是获益的,因为他们不需要改变自己产品的售价。
When prices change over time, on the other hand, firms would ideally like to change their prices in order to keep pace with the general trends in prices, since this would be the profit-maximizing strategy.
而如果物价随时间变动了,企业当然就会想跟随总趋势来提高自己产品的售价,毕竟这是能让利润最大化的策略。
Unfortunately, changing prices is generally not costless, since changing prices requires printing new menus, relabeling items, and so on.
不幸的是,更改价格通常不是没有成本的,因为要改价格需要重印菜单、重新贴标等等。
Firms have to decide whether to operate at a price that is not profit-maximizing or incur the menu costs involved in changing prices.
企业必须决定是继续使用不能使利润最大化的老价格,还是承受更改价格带来的菜单成本。
Either way, firms bear a very real cost of inflation.
不管选哪个,企业都需要为通货膨胀承受货真价实的损失。
Shoeleather Costs
“皮鞋成本”
The term shoe leather costs refer to the figurative cost of replacing shoes more often due to the increase in the number of trips to the bank, but shoe leather costs are a very real phenomenon.
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